Causes
Medications (misused anti-inflammatories are a common cause), serious illnesses (kidney, liver), tumours, intense physiological stress, ingestion of caustic substances.
Diagnosis
Blood tests, ultrasound and, above all, endoscopy, which allows the ulcer to be seen directly.
Treatment
Gastric protectants, acid-reducing medications, and treating the underlying cause. A perforated ulcer requires emergency surgery.
Prevention
NEVER give human anti-inflammatories to pets (ibuprofen and aspirin are a common cause of ulcers). Use only medication prescribed by the vet.

