Causes
Bacteria that travel up from the bladder or reach the kidney through the bloodstream. The risk is higher if there are stones, obstructions or poorly treated urinary infections.
Diagnosis
Urinalysis with culture, blood tests, kidney ultrasound.
Treatment
Antibiotics for an extended period, guided by culture. Supportive care. It is important to complete the full course of treatment.
Prevention
Treat urinary infections properly so they do not travel upwards, and manage any stones.

