Causes
Dry eye, abnormal eyelashes, trauma, infections, exposure (brachycephalic breeds that cannot close the eye properly), immune-mediated causes.
Diagnosis
Ophthalmic examination. The vet stains the cornea to rule out ulcers and measures tear production.
Treatment
Depends on the cause: specific eye drops, treating the dry eye or the abnormal eyelashes. Pigmentary keratitis in brachycephalic breeds requires lifelong management.
Prevention
Treat dry eye and abnormal eyelashes early, and protect prominent eyes.

