Causes
Swallowing indigestible objects. Linear foreign bodies (string, thread, wool) are especially dangerous in cats: they cut through the intestine "like a saw".
Diagnosis
X-ray (radiopaque objects are seen directly; others require contrast) and ultrasound. A history of "a toy has gone missing" is a strong clue.
Treatment
SURGERY in most cases to remove the object. Sometimes it can be retrieved by endoscopy if it is still in the stomach. The sooner, the less intestinal damage.
Prevention
Prevent access to small objects, toys that can break apart, string and thread. Keep an eye on puppies and young cats that chew on everything.

