Causes
Biting hard objects (bones, stones, antlers, very hard toys), trauma, fights, accidents.
Diagnosis
Examination of the mouth plus dental X-rays to assess the root and whether the pulp is exposed.
Treatment
Depending on the case: extraction of the tooth or root canal treatment (endodontics) to save it. A fractured tooth with an exposed pulp ALWAYS needs treatment — it will not heal on its own.
Prevention
Avoid giving objects that are too hard to chew (bones, antlers, toys that do not flex). Rule: if you cannot dent the object with your fingernail, it is too hard.

